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论有机肥对土壤的5大关键作用

发布时间:2018-04-11 12:04

 有机肥主要来源于植物和(或)动物,施于土壤以提供植物营养为其主要功能的含碳物料。经生物物质、动植物废弃物、植物残体加工而来,消除了其中的有毒有害物质,富含大量有益物质,包括:多种有机酸、肽类以及包括氮、磷、钾在内的丰富的营养元素。

 

  1、提供养份全面 有机肥是一种完全肥料

  含有作物所需要的营养成份和各种有益元素,而且养份比例全面,有利于作物吸收。因此,有机肥施得越多,越有利于土壤养分比例平衡,越有利于作物对土壤养分的吸收和利用,不会因多施有机肥而造成土壤某种营养元素大量增加,破坏土壤养份平衡。

  2、促进土壤微生物繁育

  有机肥料含有大量的有机质,是各种微生物生长繁育的地方。土壤固氮菌比对照增加近一倍,纤维分解菌增加近2倍,其它微生物群落也有明显增加,所以施有机肥能大大促进新开垦土地的熟化进程。另外,有机肥在腐解过程中还能产生各种酚、维生素、酶、生长素等物质,能促进作物根系生长和对养分的吸收。试验证明,菜籽饼在茶园中之所以特别有效,不只是菜饼肥营养丰富,更重要的是菜籽饼在腐解过程中产生一种能激发根系生长的物质,促进茶根生长和吸收营养。其它有机肥也有类似的作用。

  3、提高土壤保肥保水能力

  所有的有机肥料都有较强的阳离子代换能力,可以吸收更多的钾、铵、镁、锌等营养元素,防止淋失,提高土壤保肥能力,尤其是腐熟的有机肥保肥能力更明显。此外,有机肥还具有很强的缓冲能力,可防止因长期施用化肥而引起酸度变化和土壤板结,可提高土壤自身的抗逆性,保证土壤良好的生态环境。

  4、减少养分固定,提高养分有效性

  有机肥含有许多有机酸、腐殖酸、羟基等物质,它们都具有很强的螯合能力,能与许多金属元素如锰、铝、铁等螯合形成螯合物,可减少锰离子对作物的危害。又可防止铝与磷结合成很难被作物吸收的闭蓄态磷而无效化,大大提高土壤有效态磷的有效性。

  5、加速土壤团聚体的形成,改善土壤理化性质

  有机—无机团聚体是土壤肥沃的重要指标,它含量越多,土壤物理性质越好,土壤越肥沃,保土、保水、保肥能力越强,通气性能越好,越有利于作物根系生长。 

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