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中国农田土壤的十种病

发布时间:2018-04-11 14:25

      从农村的刀耕火种到机械化耕种,短短几十年农村发生了翻天覆地的变化,农业技术的进步固然让我们享受到了现代农业的红利,但不可避免的,给土壤带来严重的伤害,下面小编就一一列举土壤有哪些问题。

1、耕作层变浅。农田由于长期的机械耕作碾压和人工作业,使大部分农田土壤耕层变浅,有效活土层在15公分左右,加之降雨、灌水沉实,"犁底层"上移加厚,形成了坚硬深厚的阻隔层,阻碍了土壤水分、养分和空气的上下运行,阻碍了作物根系下扎延伸,土壤蓄水能力越来越少,抗旱性能不断下降。

2、土壤有机质含量降低。农田长期不施用农家肥,秸秆还田很少进行,中国传统农业精髓的种植绿肥也不搞了,土壤有机质长期得不到补充。再加上化学氮肥超量施用,加剧了土壤碳的耗竭。致土壤有机质含量严重不足。土壤有机质减少会引发一系列土壤问题,土壤酸化和次生盐碱化,土壤结构破坏,土壤肥力低下,土传病害加剧等。

3、土壤结构破坏、板结严重。由于土壤缺乏有机肥补充,以及不合理的耕作和不合理的灌溉,化肥的大量施用,加剧了土壤团粒结构的破坏,致使土壤板结越来越严重,直接影响到土壤的自然活力和自我调节能力。

4、土壤趋于酸化。土壤酸化主要是由于过量使用化学氮肥和生理酸性肥料,导致土壤中酸性物质增加,使土壤酸化。土壤酸化会引起土壤养分流失,土壤有害重金属活化,土壤有害微生物特别是寄生真菌增加,加速土壤贫瘠化和土传病害发生。

5、土壤次生盐碱化。由于长期过量使用化学肥料,使土壤中的盐分不断积累,尤其是硝酸盐积累更甚。这些盐分聚集到地表,形成土壤表层次生盐碱化,轻则影响种子发芽出苗,阻碍养分吸收,作物生长不良,重则造成生理干旱,营养吸收障碍,土壤结构破坏,再甚者可导致盐害、死亡,永久失去农业利用价值。

6、土壤氮磷钾元素营养比例失调,中、微量元素严重缺乏。在日常管理中绝大多数农民不按比例施肥,往往只大量施氮磷肥,致钾素匮乏,长期不施中微量元素肥料,造成土壤中微量元素耗竭,土壤中大量氮磷钾比例失调,大量元素与中微量元素之间的营养比例失调。

7、农田土壤污染。过量使用化肥、农药、农膜的残留污染,未经处理的有机肥污染,以及连作和病虫害病原物污染。这些污染物长期进入或残留土壤之中,一旦超出土壤自净化能力后就会"溢出",直接造成农田土壤的污染。大量的污染物进入土壤后,首先会破坏土壤生态平衡,使土壤有益生物和有益微生物大量死亡,土壤生物种群减少,土壤理化生物性质恶化,土壤活性下降、土壤功能变差,严重污染者会使土壤丧失生产能力,失去农业利用价值。

8、农作物连作造成的"土壤病"。在土壤中连续种植一种或同科作物,由于该作物所需要的中微量营养元素因连续被吸收而缺乏,也使相应的某些病菌得以连年繁殖,在土壤中大量积累,还有前茬作物根系的分泌物因累积成为有毒物质而形成病土。

9、土壤侵蚀。耕地土壤侵蚀主要表现有;水蚀、风蚀和耕蚀。主要是农民垦殖过度,很多山坡被垦做农田。尤其是坡度大于15度以上的坡地,年复一年的耕作,水土流失极为严重。其次是开垦后没有实施保护性耕作,如坡改梯,水平沟耕作,植物篱保护等,而是随意挖地耕翻,既造成耕蚀,又加剧了风蚀、水蚀。长期流失, 必然导致土壤过沙, 保水保肥能力降低。

10、设施农业土壤综合障碍病。设施栽培是在全年封闭或季节封闭环境下,由于高度集约化、高复种指数、高肥料投入、高农药用量、高强度高频度人为干扰,过量施肥,土壤长期处于高温高湿状态,过量灌水,过度耕作与践踏,在如此强烈的干扰和巨大压力下,土壤健康急剧恶化。一般种植2-3年,就出现了土壤营养失衡、土壤酸化、土壤次生盐碱化、土壤有害物质积累、土壤微生物种群多样性和功能退化等一系列土壤病害。

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