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变压器状态监测与故障诊断

通过对现行检修检测体制方法优缺点对比,分析了开拓应用变压器类电力设备状态监测和故障诊断技术的意义,研究了现在变压器检测与故障诊断技术,并对该技术现今发展存在的问题和发展前景进行了介绍。

  引言

  随着电力负荷逐渐增大,电力系统稳定性要求日益增高,变压器类电气设备的状态监测和故障诊断技术日益受到普遍关注,越来越多的研究、生产部门正在积极开发和应用该技术,目前已有全面推广之势。在这种情况下,全面、客观、深入的认识该技术,了解其目前技术状态,比较、认识其和现行预防性检修体系的优劣性及关系,对于正确开发应用和推广这一新技术及更好保障电力生产的可靠安全性将具有一定意义。

  1.状态监测和故障诊断技术的重要性

  变压器是连接发、输、配电环节的重要电力设备。随着经济的发展,电力负荷和电压等级的增大,变压器的运行可靠与否对电力系统的稳定影响更加明显。变压器在运行时,受到电、热、机械、环境等各种因素的影响,其性能会逐渐劣化,运行状态变差,可能导致发生各类故障。

  为了尽量减少和避免故障的发生,长期以来电力系统的传统做法是不断地研究、总结,实施各种有效的定期预防性试验、检修等方式。与遇到事故维修相比,这种预防性试验、检修方式有着本质的进步。但是,定期计划检修存在着盲目性,且预防性试验大多是离线进行的,试验时需停机、停电,造成经济损失。对于一些重要的设备,不能轻易停运,使得定期试验难以完成。即使能够停运待检设备,也往往因运行中与停运后变压器状态差异,试验结果会有偏差。另一方面,检查维修可能会造成维修过度,对变压器性能有所损伤。

  2.变压器的状态监测和故障诊断

  变压器的故障诊断技术从以时间为基准的方式转变到以状态为基准的方式,其内容包括状态监测与故障诊断两个方面:前者通过提取故障的特征信号为状态维修提供检修依据,后者则分析、处理所采集的状态信息。变压器的在线监测技术研究大致包括以下内容:(1)故障机理分析;(2)在线监测手段;(3)监测信息的传递、处理和存储;(4)故障特征量的提取;(5)故障诊断的方法和理论分析。

  电力工业主要采用充油式变压器,在某些特殊场合也采用干式变压器或者六氟化硫变压器。目前国内外对于变压器的状态监测,多采用局部放电监测和超声定位技术、红外技术、微水分析技术。对于变压器的高压套管,通常采用介质损耗因数的数字化在线测量技术。对于故障较多的有载调压开关,采用有载故障诊断在线装置测量触点磨损及机械和电气回路等。除此之外,油温、线匝绕组温度、负载电流及电压、冷却泵风扇运行等参数也在监测之列变压器状态监测。涉及到的变压器主体部件为:磁路绕组及固定绝缘液体的绝缘,气体绝缘和冷却系统。拟诊断故障为:过热行故障、放电性故障、过热兼放电故障、机械故障和进水受潮等。常用的局部放电监测与诊断,多采用电脉冲信号发生法和超声法,对电信号和声信号联合检测去的理想的定量和定位效果,根据视在放电量、分布图谱和放电源的定位来判断故障。油中溶解气体组分含量的分析(DGA),首先依据溶解平衡原理采用各种不同原理脱气,方法如:真空、渗透膜、气体洗脱等,将油中气体脱出,再用分离柱进行分离,再经检测器监测(如TCD、FID等),或各种原理的传感器对不同组分气体进行监测,后依据国内外通用的组分比值法或多维图视法,结合电气试验和离线定期试验结果,综合分析诊断出潜伏性故障。近期还发展了复合渗透膜电化学/燃料电池红外监测等技术进行油中溶解气体组分含量的分析。由于DGA分析判断的准确性已被国内外所认可,该技术成为各国研究的热点。


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